VRML 1.0 (1994) and VRML97 (ISO 14772): ASCII scene graph, Cosmo Player, X3D and glTF successors, OSM model export.
GDAL VRT since 2003: XML description of a virtual raster over thousands of GeoTIFFs — mosaicking, on-the-fly reprojection, pixel functions for NDVI, and lazy evaluation with zero copying.
USD is a Pixar format (2012, OSS 2016) for VFX pipelines: layer composition, supports Apple ARKit (USDZ), NVIDIA Omniverse, ILM, Weta; AOUSD governance since 2023.
TopoJSON is Mike Bostock's topological extension of GeoJSON (D3.js, 2012): arcs stored once, 80% size reduction; standard for choropleth and electoral maps in D3.
TomTom OV2 POI overlay for GO/Start/Via: binary with type codes 1/2/3, micro-degree coordinates, BMP icons. Speed cameras and custom POI from OSM.
TomTom ITN file for GO/Start/Via: ASCII waypoints with long,lat in micro-degrees and type, 100-point limit. Legacy route format before ov2 POI overlay era.
TIFF is a tag-based raster format from Aldus (1986, Adobe 1994): TIFF 6.0 (1992), multi-page, lossless LZW/Deflate, BigTIFF for large files; parent of GeoTIFF.
MapInfo TAB since 1990: 4-5 files (.tab/.dat/.map/.id), Precisely's proprietary spec, reverse-engineering via Frank Warmerdam's MITAB, OSM export to TAB via QGIS.
Garmin TCX since 2007: XML with TrainingCenterDatabase>Activity>Lap>Track>Trackpoint, HR/cadence/altitude. Primary format before FIT 2012, still imported by Strava.
SUMO is DLR's open-source traffic simulator (2001+): XML formats .net/.rou/.add, microscopic+macroscopic, TraCI API, netconvert OSM-to-SUMO, EPL-2.0 license.
STEP/ISO 10303 (1994, AP242 since 2014): B-Rep solids, PMI, AP203/AP214/AP242, CATIA/NX/SolidWorks, OSM buildings.
Chuck Hull's STL and 3D Systems since 1987: 50 bytes per triangle, binary/ASCII variants, slicer watertight requirement, OSM building export with extrusion and ground plate.