Deep guide to GeoTIFF: TIFF with coordinate tags from NASA/JPL and OGC, version 1.1 standard from 2019, how to open in QGIS and export from OpenStreetMap.
Deep guide to GeoPackage: open OGC standard on SQLite, single-file ecosystem for vector, raster, tiles and QML styles, Shapefile replacement.
GeoJSON-Seq (RFC 8142, 2017): stream of features, RS/LF delimiters, tippecanoe + BigQuery + Spark.
GeoArrow from Apache Arrow geo-WG (Kyle Barron, 2022): IPC zero-copy, interleaved coords, GeoParquet 1.1 backend.
Garmin Custom Maps KMZ for Oregon/Colorado/Etrex: up to 100 JPEG overlays, 1 MP limit, ≤500 MB, ≤120 km longitude span. Ready OSM render in 5 minutes without IMG build.
Garmin JNX container for BirdsEye satellite imagery on Oregon and GPSMAP handhelds: JPEG tiles in zoom pyramid, 100MB limit, reverse-engineered structure and OSM rendering to JNX.
Garmin IMG is Garmin's proprietary binary GPS map format: eTrex/Edge/Oregon/nüvi; mkgmap (Java OSS) converts OSM to IMG, TYP files style symbols and icons.
Deep dive on FlatGeobuf: Bjorn Harrtell's 2018 binary format, packed Hilbert R-tree, HTTP range requests, OSM export workflow with QGIS 3.16+ support.
Garmin GPI since 2005: binary POI container for nuvi/etrex devices with categories, BMP icons and proximity alerts. Convert OSM POI via POI Loader and gpsbabel.
FileGDB since 2009: a directory of dozens of .gdbtable files, two GDAL drivers — proprietary FileGDB SDK and open-source OpenFileGDB (R+W since GDAL 3.6), workflow without ArcGIS.
Garmin FIT protocol since 2008: binary fitness format for Edge/Forerunner/Fenix with GPS+HR+power+cadence. Activity/Course/Workout profiles and OSM route conversion.
FBX from Kaydara 1996 to Autodesk: ASCII/binary spec, DCC pipeline Maya↔Max↔Unity↔Unreal, OSM 3D building export.